VULNERABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY HARDENED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Abstract
Analyzed are the current state and the preconditions for sustainable development of the renewable energy sector in Ukraine, the vulnerability of the sector and the weaknesses of energy policy in the sector, which exacerbate the destructive factors of global and local threats to energy security. The influence of the general economic factor of the COVID-19 pandemic on the strengthening of threats to energy security in the electricity sector, in particular in the renewable energy sector, which slows down its sustainable development and creates preconditions for stagnation, is outlined. The approaches to assessing the sustainability and vulnerability of RES energy development have been improved, the impact of threats to energy security caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has been assessed, and measures to strengthen the resilience of the sector have been identified. The problems of ensuring the operational and balance reliability of the UES, limited effective demand of energy consumers, the need to use "price caps" in organized segments of the electricity market form the barriers for the sustainability of power sector in whole. It is determined that for the RES segment the main weaknesses are the uncertainties with the introduction of liability for imbalances, defects of the commodity model of the PSO mechanism, which forms debts, including to RES entities, weakening the operational reliability of the UES of Ukraine with the commissioning of excess RES capacity, imperfect system of "green" auctions. In the face of energy security threats, such weaknesses exacerbate threats. The movement towards the sustainability of the energy sector development, increasing the reliability and security of energy markets is a movement parallel to the direction of integration of Ukraine's energy markets with the EU energy markets. The scientific and methodological approaches to the analysis of energy security in the sector have been developed, taking into account the impact on the sustainability of development and using the approach to vulnerability. The role and place of the renewable energy sector in ensuring sustainable development of the state economy is determined.
References
Global Energy Review URL:https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2020 (дата звернення: 21.10.2020).
Renewables now URL:https://renewablesnow.com/ (дата звернення: 21.10.2020).
Через коронавірус у 2020 році кількість об'єктів ВДЕ зменшиться на 13% - 23 Травня 2020. URL: https://kosatka.media/uk/category/vozobnovlyaemaya-energia/news/iz-za-koronavirusa-v-2020-godu-kolichestvo-obektov-vie-umenshitsya-na-13 (дата звернення: 21.10.2020).
Рекорд української енергетики. У серпні частка відновлюваної енергії досягла 16,6% URL: https://glavcom.ua/economics/finances/rekord-ukrajinskoji-energetiki-u-serpni-chastka-vidnovlyuvanoji-energiji-dosyagla-166-707678.html (дата звернення: 21.10.2020).
Розпорядження КМУ «Про Національний план дій з відновлюваної енергетики на період до 2020 року» від 01.10.2014 р. № 902-р. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/902-2014-%D1%80#Text (дата звернення: 21.10.2020).
Закон України «Про ринок електричної енергії» від 13 квітня 2017 р. № 2019-VIII.
Кодекс системи передачі, затверджений Постановою НКРЕКП від 14 березня 2018 р. № 309. URL: https://www.nerc.gov.ua/data/filearch/postanovy/2018/p0309-k-2018.pdf (дата звернення: 30.10.2020).
Мельник Л.Г. Основи стійкого розвитку: навчальний посібник. Суми : Університетська книга, 2006. 383 с.
Воропай Н.И., Ковалев Г.Ф., Кучеров Ю.Н. Концепция обеспечения надежности в электроэнергетике : монография. Москва : ООО ИД "ЭНЕРГИЯ", 2013. 304 с.
Земляний М., Бараннік В. Проблеми зменшення загроз енергетичній безпеці в сучасних умовах. Матеріали міжнародної науково-практичної конференції “Нові тенденції у сфері енергетичної безпеки”. Київ. 22.10.2003р. с.71-75.
Cherp, Aleh & Jewell, Jessica, 2014. "The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 415-421.
Національна доповідь – 2017 «Цілі сталого розвитку: Україна». Офіційний сайт ООН в Україні. URL: http://un.org.ua/images/SDGs_NationalReportUA_Web_1.pdf (дата звернення: 30.10.2020).
World Energy Committee. Energy Sustainability Trilemma, 2017. URL: https://trilemma.worldenergy.org/ (дата звернення: 30.10.2020).
Marinas M. et al. Renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Causality relationship in Central and Eastern European countries. PLoS One. 2018; 13(10): e0202951. Published online 2018 Oct 8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202951
Global Energy Review URL:https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2020 (accessed 21 October 2020).
Renewables now URL:https://renewablesnow.com/ (accessed 21 October 2020).
Due to Coronavirus in 2020 the RES number will decrease by 13% – May, 23, 2020 URL: https://kosatka.media/uk/category/vozobnovlyaemaya-energia/news/iz-za-koronavirusa-v-2020-godu-kolichestvo-obektov-vie-umenshitsya-na-13 (accessed 21 October 2020).
The record of Ukrainian Energy Sector. In August the RES Ratio Reached 16,6% URL: https://glavcom.ua/economics/finances/rekord-ukrajinskoji-energetiki-u-serpni-chastka-vidnovlyuvanoji-energiji-dosyagla-166-707678.html (accessed 21 October 2020).
Cabinet of Ministers Decree «On the National Action Plan on Renewable Energy Sector for the Period by 2020» from 01.10.2014 № 902-r URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/902-2014-%D1%80#Text (accessed 21 October 2020).
Law of Ukraine «On the Electricity Market» from 13.04.2017 № 2019-VIII
Transmission System Code, adopted by NERC decree from 14.03.2018 №309 URL: https://www.nerc.gov.ua/data/filearch/postanovy/2018/p0309-k-2018.pdf (accessed 30 October 2020).
Melnyk L.G. (2006) Osnovy stiykogo rozvytku [The basic of sustainable development]. Sumy: Universytetska knyga. (in Ukrainian)
Voropay N.I., Kovalev G.F., Kucherov Yu.N. (2013) Kontseptsiya obespecheniya nadezhnosti v elektroenergetike [The concept of reliability in power energy]. Мoscow: Energia. (in Russian)
Zemlyanyi M., Barannik V. Problemy zmenshennya zahroz enerhetychniy bezpetsi v suchasnykh umovakh [Problems of reducing threats to energy security in modern conditions] Proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference “New Trends In Energy Security. Kyiv, 22.10.2003. PP. 71-75.
Cherp, Aleh & Jewell, Jessica, 2014. "The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 415-421.
The National Report – 2017 «Aims of Sustainable Development: Ukraine» Official site UN in Ukraine. URL: http://un.org.ua/images/SDGs_NationalReportUA_Web_1.pdf (accessed 30 October 2020).
World Energy Committee. Energy Sustainability Trilemma, 2017. URL: https://trilemma.worldenergy.org/ (accessed 30 October 2020).
Marinas M. et al. Renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Causality relationship in Central and Eastern European countries. PLoS One. 2018; 13(10): e0202951. Published online 2018 Oct 8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202951
